Эффективность деятельности общественных советов в Кыргызстане
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52536/3006-807X.2026-1.004Ключевые слова:
общественные советы, участие граждан в управлении, гражданское общество, Центральная Азия, социальный капиталАннотация
Общественные советы - это консультативно-совещательные органы, встроенные в систему государственного управления стран Центральной Азии. В существующей литературе критикуется деятельность общественных советов за их ограниченную эффективность, и они, как правило, рассматриваются как символические. Данное исследование посвящено общественным советам Кыргызстана, функционировавшим в период с 2014 по 2024 год, и анализирует факторы, повлиявшие на их работу. В исследовании используется качественный метод исследования на основе анализа данных, включающий сбор данных посредством фокус-групп, полуструктурированных интервью и вторичных данных.
В данном исследовании применяется методика Абельсона и др. (2003), предназначена для оценки процессов участия общественности и включает четыре критерия: представительство, процессуальные правила, информация и результаты. В ходе сбора данных участникам задавались вопросы, касающиеся этих четырех критериев и факторов, влияющих на них. Результаты показывают, что для выполнения этих критериев таких, как справедливые процессуальные правила, доступ к информации, предстаивтельство разными стейкхолдерами и влияние голосов членов общественных советов на результаты должны быть соблюдены три условия. Во-первых, ключевым определяющим фактором является политическая воля правительства и открытость к предложениям общественных советов. Отдельные профильные министерства Кыргызстана были открыты для предложений общественных советов и не накладывали ограничений на их работу. Во-вторых, важную роль сыграла сила гражданского общества. Независимые СМИ и активные представители гражданского общества присоединились к общественным советам, чтобы добиться изменений в ходе реформ. В-третьих, социальный капитал и горизонтальные связи на уровне общества также способствуют эффективности работы общественных советов. Эти выводы показывают, что при наличии соответствующих условий и ресурсов общественные советы в Центральной Азии могут демонстрировать эффективную работу.
Библиографические ссылки
Abelson, J., Forest, P. G., Eyles, J., Smith, P., Martin, E., & Gauvin, F. P. (2003). Deliberations about deliberative methods: issues in the design and evaluation of public participation processes. Social science & medicine, 57(2), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00343-X
Averchenkova, A., Fankhauser, S., & Finnegan, J. J. (2021). The influence of climate change advisory bodies on political debates: evidence from the UK Committee on Climate Change. Climate Policy, 21(9), 1218-1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1878008
Bayalieva-Jailobaeva, K. (2014). A new look: Professionalization of NGOs in Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 33(3), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2014.953813
Belokurova, E. (2010). Civil society discourses in Russia: The influence of the European Union and the role of EU–Russia cooperation. European Integration, 32(5), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2010.498630
Bertelsmann Stiftung. (2024). BTI 2024: Kyrgyzstan — Country Report. Bertelsmann Stiftung. Retrieved from https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-dashboard/KGZ
Bressers, D., van Twist, M.J.W., van der Steen, M.A., & Schulz, J.M. (2018). The Contested Autonomy of Policy Advisory Bodies: The Trade-off Between Autonomy and Control of Policy Advisory Bodies in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. In: Ongaro, E., Van Thiel, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration and Management in Europe. (pp. 1189-1211) Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55269-3_61
Cabarasia (2016). Obshestvennye nablyudatel’nye sovety pri gosorganah Kyrgyzstana dolzhny usilivat’sya. [Public overseeing councils under state bodies of Kyrgyzstan have to strengthen] Retrieved January 23, 2026, from https://cabar.asia/ru/obshhestvennye-nablyudatelnye-sovety-ons-pri-gosorganah-kyrgyzstana-dolzhny-usilyatsya
Campos, J. E. L., & Gonzalez, J. L. (1999). Deliberation councils, government-business-citizen partnerships, and public policy-making: Cases from Singapore, Malaysia, and Canada. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 16(3), 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015468300032
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Fourth Edition. Sage Publications.
Davletbayeva, Zh., & Zagrebin, A. (2024). Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Institution of Public Councils in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Series: Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religious Studies. L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 149(4), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2024-149-4-226-244
Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689812437186
Evans A. (2010, April). The public chamber and social conflicts in Russia. Meeting [Meeting Paper] Western Political Science Association 2010 Annual.
Economist.kg (2024). Vlasti KR okonchatel`no uprazdnili obshhestvenny`e sovety` pri gosorganax — no nashli im al`ternativu [Kyrgyz authorities have finally abolished public councils within government agencies—but have found an "alternative" for them]. https://economist.kg/vlast/2024/01/12/vlasti-kr-uprazdnili-obshchiestviennyie-soviety-pri-ghosviedomstvakh-no-nashli-im-altiernativu/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Gandhi, J., & Przeworski, A. (2007). Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative political studies, 40(11), 1279-1301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414007305817
George, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. MIT Press.
Halligan, J. (1995). Policy Advice and the Public Service. In G. Peters & D. T. Savoie (Eds.), Governance in a changing environment (pp. 138–172). Montreal: McGillQueen’s University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773565500-008
Janenova, S., & Kurmanov, B. (2025). Open government in Central Asia: towards a more accountable and participatory government?. In Research Handbook on Open Government (pp. 193-205). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035301652.00021
Jargalsaikhan, M. (2019). Small Islands of Democracy in an Authoritarian Sea: Explaining Mongolian and Kyrgyz Democratic Development (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
Kasymova, J. (2013). Reforming local government in developing countries: Implementation of a participatory budgeting process in Kyrgyzstan (Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School-Newark). https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T32J69GH
Knox, C., & Janenova, S. (2018). Public councils in Kazakhstan: a case of emergent participative democracy? Central Asian Survey, 37(2), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2017.1410467
Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus Groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage Publications, thousand Oaks
Kurmanov, B., & Knox, C. (2024). Digital activism and authoritarian legitimation in post-Soviet Central Asia. The Information Society, 40(5), 343-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2024.2374714
Law on public councils of state bodies of Kyrgyzstan (2014). Zakon Ky`Rgy`Zskoj Respubliki Ob obshhestvenny`x sovetax gosudarstvenny`x organov [Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on public councils of state bodies]. Retrieved February 2, 2026, from https://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/4-5065/edition/1358/ru
Li, W. (2021). Design and learning effects of China’s expert advisory committees, Policy Design and Practice, 4 (4), 465-485, https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2021.1915596
Li, W., & Dunlop, C. A. (2019). China’s advisory committees and expert advice for policymaking. [Conference Presentation] EGPA Conference, Belfast, U.K.
Lim, C. Y. (1998). The National Wages Council: The Politics of Consensus. In C. Y. Lim and R. Chew (Eds), Wages and Wages Policies: Tripartism in Singapore, (pp.15–27). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Makulbayeva G.., Davletbayeva Zh., Dyussenov. M, & Amangeldi, Zh. (2024). Public councils of Kazakhstan. Eurasian National University Journal. Pedagogy, Psychology, Sociology series, 146(1), 450-460.
Makulbayeva, G., & Sharipova, D. (2024). Social capital and performance of public councils in Kazakhstan. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 16(2), 222-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/18793665241266260
Makulbayeva, G., & Sharipova, D. (2026). The Performance of Regional Public Councils in Kazakhstan. Europe-Asia Studies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2025.2581784
McCarthy, L. A., Stolerman, K., & Tikhomirov, A. V. (2020). Managed civil society and police oversight in Russia: Regional police–public councils. Europe-Asia Studies, 72(9), 1498-1522. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2020.1832964
Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research (Vol. 16). Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks
Morgenbesser, L. (2020). The rise of sophisticated authoritarianism in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press.
OECD (2017). Policy Advisory Systems: Supporting Good Governance and Sound Public Decision Making, OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264283664-en.
Orlova, I. V., & Sokolova, T. D. (2017). The role and functions of public councils in enhancing effectiveness of regional state authorities. RUDN Journal of Sociology, 17(1), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2017-17-1-124-132
Owen, C. (2015). “Consentful contention” in a corporate state: Human rights activists and public monitoring commissions in Russia, East European Politics, 31(3), pp. 274–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2015.1023894
Owen, C. (2016). A genealogy of kontrol’in Russia: From Leninist to neoliberal governance. Slavic Review, 75(2), 331-353. https://doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.75.2.331
Owen, C. (2017). The Struggle for Meaning of Obshchestvennyi kontrol’ in Contemporary Russia: Civic Participation between Resistance and Compliance after the 2011–2012 Elections, Europe-Asia Studies, 69, (3). 379-400 https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1301882
Owen, C. (2020). Participatory authoritarianism: From bureaucratic transformation to civic participation in Russia and China. Review of International Studies, 46 (4), 415-434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210520000248
Owen, C., & Bindman, E. (2019). Civic participation in a hybrid regime: Limited pluralism in policy-making and delivery in contemporary Russia, Government and Opposition, 54(1), 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2017.13
Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge University Press.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods 3rd. ed. Sage publications
Petro, N. N. (2001). Creating social capital in Russia: The Novgorod model. World Development, 29(2), 229-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00101-7
Pollitt, C., & Talbot, C. (2004). Unbundled government: A Critical Analysis of the Global Trend to Agencies, Quangos and Contractualisation (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203507148
Putnam, R. D., Leonardi R., & Nanetti R.Y. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Richter, J. (2009a). Putin and the public chamber. Post-Soviet Affairs, 25(1), 39-65. https://doi.org/10.2747/1060-586X.24.1.39
Richter, J. (2009b), The Ministry of Civil Society? The Public Chambers in the Regions, Problems of Post-Communism, 56(6): 7–20. https://doi.org/10.2753/PPC1075-8216560602
Stuvøy, K. (2014). Power and Public Chambers in the development of civil society in Russia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 47(3-4), 409-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.10.002
Sungurov A., Dubrovsky D., Karyagin M., & Tiniakov D., (2020). Public-Consulatative Councils As A Way Of Involving Expert Knowledge In Policy Decision Process (Case Of St. Petersburg), Public administration issues, Higher School of Economics (2), pages 7-31. https://ideas.repec.org/a/nos/vgmu00/2020i2p7-31.html
UNDP (2014). Factsheet about Public Councils in Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved January 20, 2026, from https://www.undp.org/kyrgyzstan/publications/factsheet-about-public-councils-kyrgyzstan
Varieties of Democracies (2024). Country graph. Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved January 20, 2026, from https://v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/
World Bank (2022). Voice and accountability, Kyrgyz Republic Retrieved January 20, 2026, from https://data.worldbank.org/
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Yuldoshev, A. (2021). The Prospects For The Formation Of Public Councils Under The Ministries In Uzbekistan. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 3(06), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue06-07
Zheng, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, H., & Liang, X. (2010). The role of the China experts’ advisory committee on immunization program. Vaccine, 28 (1) A84-A87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.039
Загрузки
Опубликован
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2026 Макулбаева Г., Давлетбаева Ж., Дюсенов М., Раисова Л.

Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.

Open content is licensed under the CC-BY